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particles that behave like waves.

particles behave like waves.

De Broglie was the question of whether it is possible that the particles have wave properties?

suggested that all _electrones particles, atoms, protons, etc.-have a wavelength related to its momentum according to the equation ...

Length wave = Planck's constant : momentum

The wavelength of a particle of large mass and low speed is too small to be able to detect by conventional means. But a small particle like an electron moving with speed has a wavelength detectable. Is smaller than the wavelength of light, but enough to diffract and cross interference, since a beam of electrons acts as a beam of light.

The typical wavelength of an electron beam is thousands of times smaller than that of light, and can only be detected by electron microscopy.

electron waves

Much more important than the electron diffraction pattern is the de Broglie matter waves in an atom. The atomic model of Niels Bohr, explaining why elements emit light of certain frequencies. The power of e-varies according to the orbits they occupy.

There are several ways of getting a e-access to higher energy levels. Returning to his level of stability emits a photon.

wanted to explain is that in the solar system each planet revolves in orbit at any distance, and conversely in the atom are orbits in which the e-must turn. This was because it was assumed that e-was a particle that orbits around the nucleus.

The reason that the electron can only occupy certain places understood by considering the electron as a particle, but as a wave. According to the theory of de Broglie matter waves, an orbit can exist where the electron OUNTY closes on itself in phase. This will reinforce itself. From this point of view, the electron is not considered as a particle located somewhere in the atom, but as if their mass and charge were spread over a wave around the nucleus. The wavelength of the e-must fit an integral number of times in the orbits.

Fisica conceptual

Paul G.Hewitt

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photoelectric effect

The process by which electrons are released material by the action of radiation and photoelectric effect is called photoelectric emission. Its essential features are:

• for each substance is a minimum frequency or electromagnetic radiation threshold below which no photoelectrons produced is more intense than radiation.

• The electron emission increases with increasing intensity radiation incident on the surface of the metal, because there is more energy available for free electrons.

In metals there are electrons moving more or less freely through the lattice, these electrons escape from the metal at normal temperatures that do not have enough power. A higher temperature produces more energy and movement, can release electrons (photoelectrons) by absorption by the metal of the electromagnetic radiation energy.

Description

Sea f the minimum energy for an electron to escape metal. If the electron absorbs energy E, the difference E- f, is the kinetic energy of electron emitted.

Einstein explained the characteristics of the photoelectric effect, assuming that each electron absorbing a quantum of radiation or photon. The energy of a photon is obtained by multiplying the constant h Planck the frequency n of electromagnetic radiation.

If the photon energy E is less than the starting power f , no photoelectric emission ca. Uma part of the photon's energy is used to separate the electron from the atom and the other party as kinetic energy to away.

Moreover, when the board S area is illuminated with a certain intensity I , absorbs energy in unit time proportional to IS , simply divide this energy between the amount h n to get the number of photons impinging on the plate in unit time. As each electron takes the energy emitted from a single photon, we conclude that the number of electrons emitted in unit time is proportional to the intensity of light illuminating the plate

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PHYSICAL


This blog will contain information on the following topics of Physics: Diffraction Particle * * Effect Photoelectric * Particle wave interaction
are invited to read and know more the subject

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Contents 2008 PSU Physics Tutoring

GENERALLY NOT CHANGE THE CONTENT OF THE ABOVE REGARDING PSU, ONLY ADD MORE ITEMS. AGENDA will update the JUST LEAVE THE OFFICIAL.

Content First Middle

THE SOUND.

Vibration and sound.

vibrating objects: strings, plates, cavities, surface water. Relationship between frequency high vibration and sound. Relationship between vibration amplitude and intensity of sound. Properties
reflection, transmission and absorption of sound in different media like wood, stone, cloth, etc.
ear physiology in relation to the hearing. Hearing ranges: the decibel.

waves and sound.

The vibrating string. Relationship between length and tension with their frequency. Resonance.
longitudinal wave, transverse, stationary and traveling. Wavelength and its relation to the frequency and speed of propagation. Doppler effect in daily life situations and qualitative explanation in terms wave propagation.
The sound spectrum, infrasound, sound and ultrasound. Applications of ultrasound in medicine and other fields.

sound composition. Relationship

superposition of waves and pitch of a sound. Beats between two tones of similar frequency.

LIGHT.

Light propagation.

Reflection, transmission and absorption of light. Distinction between wave propagation in a medium (sound) and empty (light). Corpuscular and wave hypothesis to explain these phenomena. Derivation
geometrical law of reflection from Fermat's principle. Qualitative distinction of the behavior of light reflected by mirrors convergent and divergent. Parabolic mirrors.
converging and diverging lenses. The optics of the eye. Defects of vision and its correction by various types of lenses. The telescope.

nature of light.

Decomposition of white light in a prism. The rainbow.
Light as a wave edge diffraction and interference phenomena.
visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, X rays, microwaves, radio waves. Radar. The laser beam of coherent light source and monochrome.
Light as a form of energy. Spectrum of radiation from the sun and it is the principal source of energy for life on Earth.

ELECTRICITY.

electrical charge.

Electricity in the environment: home, town and city.
Electric charge: charge separation by friction. Attraction and repulsion between charges. Electricity

.

electricity as a flow of electric charge, usually electrons. DC and AC power. Value
between resistance, voltage and current. Graphic representation and mathematical expression. Electrical resistance.
components and functions of the household electrical wire, insulation, earthing, fuses, switches, sockets.

Magnetism and magnetic force.

natural magnetism. Electricity as a source of magnetism. Magnetic field.
Magnetic Force on a conductor carrying electric current: The DC electric motor.
Relative movement between a coil and a magnet electric generator.

Electricity.
Power
electric domestic appliances. Elemental relationship between current, voltage and power in situations such as the calculation of household consumption of electricity.
generation of electricity by hydraulic methods, thermal, wind, chemical and photoelectric.



Second Middle Content

MOVEMENT.

description of the movement. Movements

straight. Concepts of displacement, velocity and acceleration.
reference systems. The relative motion. The role of Galileo Galilei in the formulation of these concepts.

Force and Motion.

action force reaction force. Principle of inertia.
relationship between force acting on a cell phone and its acceleration. Concept of inertial mass. Using scientific notation.
Linear Momentum and its conservation.
force of gravity. Calculating the path of a moving object vertical. Predictive nature of the laws of dynamics.
The touch. Static friction and dynamic friction. Effect of polishing or lubrication of the contact surfaces.
Torque and rotation.

Mechanical energy.

Mechanical work from the applied force. Mechanical power.
Work and potential energy due to gravity near the Earth's surface. Kinetic energy. Conservation of mechanical energy in the absence of friction.

HEAT.

temperature.

Thermal equilibrium. Thermometers and temperature scales.
dilation. Otherwise the water.

Materials and heat.

Heat as a form of energy. Specific heat and distinction of this property in various materials such as water, copper, etc.
Transmission of heat through an object. Thermal conductivity. Phases
that is the matter: melting and vaporization temperatures. The heat and motion of atoms in the different phases.
Friction and heat. Thermal sensitivity of the skin.

Energy Conservation.

The transformation of mechanical energy into heat. Units and their equivalents: Calorie and Joule.
Conservation of energy and its transformations.

THE EARTH AND ITS ENVIRONMENT.

Earth.

size, mass and composition of the Earth. Basic notions about their origin: cooling, formation of oceans and continents, major mountain ranges.
The dynamism of the planet: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, changes in topography. Richter and Mercalli scales.
Land Characteristics that enable the existence of life.

solar system.

solar system. The gravitational pull and orbits of planets and comets. The universe geocentric antiquity and the transformation of this vision in the Renaissance.
The movements of the earth: day and night, year, seasons. Elementary explanation of the tides on Earth.
the moon. His size, his movements and phases. The gravitational pull on its surface. Eclipses.
theory of gravitation by Isaac Newton.

The Universe.

The stars and their evolution. Descriptive properties of the Sun
The Milky Way and the state of the solar system in it. Types of galaxies and large-scale structure of Universe.
ancient and modern conceptions about the evolution of the Universe. The unknowns present. Influence of the discoveries of physical culture.
space exploration, astronomical observations and space flight. Observatories in Chile.



Contents Middle Third

MECHANICS.

circular motion.

uniform circular motion. Linear velocity and angular velocity. Vector concept of velocity. Variable speed constant speed in circular motion. Centripetal acceleration.
circular motion and centripetal force.
Angular momentum and conservation.

Conservation of mechanical energy.

The independence of time, mechanical energy into free fall on Earth's surface.
gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Stable equilibrium points and unstable. Savepoints.
energy dissipation and friction. Coefficients of static and dynamic friction. Magnitude and direction of the friction force in each case. Dependence on normal force and the contact surface. Quantitative Applications
everyday situations.

fluids.

Hydrostatic.

Distinction between fluids and rigid bodies. Elementary description in terms of the motion of atoms or molecules that compose them.
pressure in fluids. Pressure at different depths of a liquid. Everyday applications. Blood pressure.
Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy of an object.
capillarity and its importance in the vegetable and animal.

Hydrodynamics.

Conservation of energy in a fluid. Friction and terminal velocity.


Fourth
Content Middle

electricity and magnetism.

forces between charges.

charges at rest. Coulomb force, electric field and potential.
The parallel plate capacitor. Its capacity in terms of geometry and the dielectric.
moving loads. Load path in a constant and uniform electric field.
Magnetic Force on a moving charge. Force between two straight conductors carrying current. Description of the trajectory of a charge in a homogeneous magnetic field.

AC circuit.

Loading and discharging of a capacitor. Time dependence of voltage between the plates.
electromagnetic induction Michael Faraday laws and Heinrich Lenz. Inductance and its qualitative effect on a circuit variable in time. LC Circuit
associated natural frequency. Simple harmonic motion. Forced oscillations and resonance. Effect of resistance. Applications in frequency tuning.

Electromagnetic Waves.

electric and magnetic fields that vary sinusoidally in time. Radiation from accelerated charges.
wave transmission and reception electromagnetic. Operation of simple antennas and their applications in telecommunications.


atomic world.

the atom.

Constituents of the atom. Ernest Rutherford experiment. Mechanical analysis of the Niels Bohr model for hydrogen atom.
The uncertainty principle. The atomic world and the macroscopic level. Abandonment of the classical concept of trajectory and its consequences in the description of motion.

The atomic nucleus.

core dimensions in relation the atom. Protons and neutrons. Its mass, electric charge and spin. Isotopes.
radioactive decay. Half-life. Natural radioactivity. Applications in medicine, geology and archeology.
The atomic nucleus as a source of energy. Relation between mass and energy. Fission and nuclear fusion.
nuclear forces. Comparison of the relative magnitude of the fundamental forces of nature

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• 
  
  tuition for Mathematics and Physics, secondary and elementary education.

The first class is two hours to the first 40 minutes establishing the immediate learning problems and establish a program to strengthen them, then with the progress of the classes are evaluated weaknesses possessed by the student in the field which obviously also be strengthened.

Each class has a time of 1 hour and 20 minutes. Where
first 40 minutes will be a review of current educational matters and the remaining 40 years.

Monthly will apply a test of the content viewed yet.

The academic program used with the student may vary depending on the needs of this, like any test or tests to be set at school and need special emphasis in the art that will be assessed, the same student difficulties that require more attention , among others.

be asked each student a notebook exclusively for private tutoring, the notebook delivered in their respective field day setting, which must be brought to each class, along with the guides and books requested in course, in order to deliver comprehensive and effective information that is strictly related to the contents provided by your teacher.

• 
  
  PSU Preparation, Mathematics, Physics and Joint Plan.

Each class is 1 hour and 20 minutes, the frequency of these in the week is as requested by the student.

Ideally are two weekly classes in order to pass the first law and to reinforce content, and the second corresponds to a workshop type exercises only PSU.

Each student will be given guides with exercises drawn from different types PSU pre-college set, and tests Demre, including bibliographies.

1 drill will be conducted monthly PSU of such materials.

weekly quizzes were made in order to evaluate the content delivered and to maintain the constant study of the student.

VALUES tutoring. (1hr 20 min)

$ 9,000 to home value will depend on the location of the student.

$ 7,000 from home. PREPARATION

VALUES PSU WILL DEPEND ON THE WEEKLY CLASSES REQUESTED.

Any questions contact:

Rosemarie Novoa

seniors, Construction.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

Cell 1: 07 - Entel PCS 7460697.

Landline: 558 5770